Functions of the Respiratory System
The primary function of the respiratory system is the supply of oxygen to the blood so this in turn delivers oxygen to all parts of the body. The respiratory system does this while breathing is taking place. During the process of breathing we inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. This exchange of gases takes place at the alveoli. The average adult's lungs contain about 600 million of these spongy, air-filled sacs that are surrounded by capillaries. The inhaled oxygen passes into the alveoli and then diffuses through the capillaries into the arterial blood. Meanwhile, the waste-rich blood from the veins releases its carbon dioxide into the alveoli. The carbon dioxide follows the same path out of the lungs when you exhale.
“External respiration is the means by which oxygen from the air passes into the blood stream for transportation to the tissue cells and carbon dioxide is collected and transferred back to the lungs and expelled from the body.” www.pe.edu.net
“Internal respiration involves the vital chemical activities that take place in every living cell requiring oxygen and glycogen to combine and release energy, water and carbon dioxide.” www.brianmac.com/respsyst
Gaseous Exchange
Gaseous exchange occurs primarily by the diffusion between air in the aveoli (tiny sacs) and the blood in the capillaries surrounding the walls. :Adams et al BTEC Sport Level 3
Diffusion occurs when molecules move from an area of high concentration (of that molecule) to an area of low concentration.This occurs during gaseous exchange as the blood in the capillariessurrounding the alveoli which has a lower oxygen concentration of Oxygen than the air in the alveoli which has just been inhaled both the alveoli and capillaries have walls which are only one cell thick and allow gases to diffuse across them.The same happens with Carbon Dioxide (CO2). The blood in the surrounding capillaries has a higher concentration of CO2 than the inspired air due to it being a waste product of energy production. Therefore CO2 diffuses the other way, from the capillaries, into the alveoli where it can then be exhaled.
The concept of partial pressure applies to the diffusion of gases from a gas mixture to a gas in solution and vice versa. Partial pressure is used to describe a mixture of gases. It is defined as the pressure that any one gas would exert on the walls of the veins and arteries if it was the only gas
Dalton’s law states “That the sum of the partial pressures of all of the gases in a mixture will be equal to the total pressure of that mixture.” J.H.Emannuel et al The Body Book (2001)
Partial pressure is also used to describe dissolved gases, particularly in the blood stream, In this case, the partial pressure of a gas dissolved in blood is the partial pressure that the gas would have, if the blood were allowed to “equilibrate” with a volume of gas. The main reason is that when blood is exposed to fresh air in the lungs, it equilibrates completely so that the partial pressure of oxygen in the air spaces in the lungs is equal to the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood. This is demonstrated by the “altitude oxygen calculator”. This says the partial pressure of oxygen in the arteries is slightly less than the partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs; this is because there is always a little bit of blood that passes through the lungs without meeting an air space.
Mechanisms of Breathing
Pulmonary ventilation, which is breathing is the processs in which air is transported throughout the body, into and out of the lungs and is considered to have two separate phases. These phases are inspiration and expiration
Breathing is the main function in what the respiratory system controls and are regulated by the respiratory centres in the brain and the stretch receptors within the air passages and lungs. This requires the thorax in the throat to increase in size so that it can allow air to be taken in, then it will decrease so that air can be forced out.
“The action of breathing in and out is due to changes of pressure within the thorax, in comparison with the outside. When we inhale the intercostal muscles (between the ribs) and diaphragm contract to expand the chest cavity.”www.pe.edu.com
Inspiration
Inspiration is when the intercostal muscles contract to lift the ribs upwards and outwards to allow air into the lug, therefore inflating. the diaphragm is forced downwards and the sternum forwards. This is when there is an expansion in the thorax in every direction which causes a drop in pressure below that of atmospheric pressure, this then encourages air to flood into the lungs, at this point the oxygen is exchanged (see gaseous exchange) for carbon dioxide through the capillary walls.
Expiration
Expiration then comes after inspiration as it is when the intercostal muscles that have contracted to lift the ribs up relax. The diaphragm then extends upwards and the ribs and sternum collapse. This then allows the pressure within the lungs to increase and get forced out. This is when greater amounts of oxygen are required, requiring the intercostal muscles in the stomach and the diaphragm to work a lot harder
Lung Volumes
“Lung volumes and lung capacities refer to the volume of air associated with different phases of the respiratory cycle. Lung volumes are directly measured. Lung capacities are inferred from lung volumes.
The average total lung capacity of an adult human male is about 6 litres of air, but only a small amount of this capacity is used during normal breathing.” www.alevelstudy.co.uk/physicaled/resp
Our Respiratory Rate is the amount of air in which we breathe in over a duration of time, e.g 1 Minute. For an 18-21 year old this is around 12 breaths per minute at rest during this time around 6.5 litres of air passes through our respiratory system, this is significantly increased by exercise to as much as 30-40 breaths per minute.
Tidal Volume
Tidal volume is a term that is used to describe how much we breathe; it measures the air we breathe in and out with each breath. When there are normal conditions, the tidal volume is around 500cm3 of air breathed, inspiration and expiration (inhale and exhale). Tidal volume is defined as the amount of air exchanged in normal breathing. In other words, tidal volume is the differential between air inhaled and exhaled by a particular person. Typically, when calculating tidal volume and other respiratory scientific figures, researchers will calculate tidal volume first. When exercising our Tidal Volume increases because we are breathing at a faster rate and your muscles are using up the oxygen at a quicker rate hence a need for more oxygen therefore our body is increasing the Tidal Volume to allow more oxygen to be consumed and meet the muscles oxygen demands.
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
This is quite simply the amount you breathe when you breathe in deeply; it is possible to breathe in more than the average 350cm3 of air that reaches the alveoli in the lungs. During exercise it is vitally important. The whole reserve volume is the added to the tidal volume that adds up to around 3,000cm3 of air. This is the inspiratory reserve volume.
(Adapted from Adams et al BTEC Sport)
Experiatory Reserve Volume
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) refers to the extra volume of air that can be exhaled with maximum effort beyond the level reached at the end of a normal, passive exhalation. “This can be up to 1,500 cm3 and it is the amount of the additional air that can be breathed out after normal expiration” Adams et Al BTEC Sport
At the end of normal breath our lungs will contain the residual volume plus the expiratory reserve volume, when we exhale as much as psychically possible, what is left is known as the residual volume.
Vital Capacity
This is the volume that you can actually move out of the lung if you try your hardest after the deepest breath you can take. This is after maximum inspiration which is around 4,800cm3
Residual Volume
This is what is left after all of the air in the lungs in fully expelled of the air, “they are never completely expelled of air as they would collapse” Adams et al BTEC Sport.
The air that is left after the maximum expiration, when you breathe out as hard as we can it is known as residual volume. This is around 1,600cm3 for an average male adult.
Total lung capacity
This is our total lung capacity after we have inhaled as deeply and as much we can . This is improved through endurance exercise.
The respiratory system will become more efficient as a result of strenuous and low intensity long exercise. An affect of exercise is that the respiratory muscles increase in strength. This will result in larger respiratory volumes allowing more oxygen to be diffused into the blood and lungs this will lead to an increase in the efficiency of gaseous exchange.
Control of Breathing
There are many two types of control of breathing these are:
• Neural Control
• Chemical Control
In the human body there are 3 different types of receptors which affect the activity in the respiratory system.
They are the Proprioreceptors which is the type of receptor that controls the muscles, tendons and joints. They inform the control centre that is situated in the brain, hence “Neural Control” that movement has increased which will then mean that our body will need to work harder to get oxygen in and remove carbon dioxide and other waste products.
Chemoreceptor’s detect a decrease in the acidity of the blood due to the build up of lactic acid and CO2 by doing this the chemoreceptor’s need to get all waste products out of the system This will show that rate of gas exchange needs to increase.
The final receptor is called the Baro-receptor. This detects a large increase in partial pressure.
Bibliography
www.brainmac.com
www.alevelstudy.com
www.pe.edu.com
BTEC Sport Adams et al
The Body Book J.H Emmanuel
Ronaldo
Friday, 15 April 2011
Tuesday, 29 March 2011
Monday, 14 March 2011
Unit 1 Task 4 The Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System
Christian Brooke
“The cardiovascular system, also known as the circulatory system, is a system of the body comprised of the heart, the blood, and the blood vessels. This system is responsible for transporting blood. As the cardiovascular system moves blood throughout the body, cells receive oxygen and nutrients. Carbon dioxide and other wastes are removed from the body as well.”
www.wisegeek.com
That is a diagram of the cardiovascular system, the blue section of this diagram is deoxygenated blood and the red section is the oxygenated blood.
Oxygen makes up about a fifth of the atmosphere. You breathe air through your mouth and nose and it travels to your lungs. Oxygen from the air is absorbed into your bloodstream through your lungs. Your heart then pumps oxygenated blood through a network of blood vessels to the arteries then to tissues including your organs, muscles and nerves, all around your body.
This diagram below shows capillaries which are a big part of the cardiovascular system. Capillaries are explained in the paragraph below
In the heart, the left ventricle contracts, pushing red blood cells into the aorta which is the body's largest artery. From here blood moves through a series of smaller arteries, until it reaches a capillary, “A capillary is an extremely small blood vessel located within the tissues of the body, which transports blood from arteries to veins.” ( www.biologyabout.com )Here oxygen molecules detach from the red blood cells and slip across the capillary wall into body tissue. Now de-oxygenated, blood begins its return to the heart. It passes through increasingly larger veins to eventually reach the right atrium. It enters the right ventricle, which pumps it through the pulmonary arteries into the lungs, to pick up more oxygen. Oxygenated, blood reenters the left atrium, moves into the left ventricle, and the blood's journey begins again. This is a simple explanation too how blood travels around the body I will explain in more complex detail further on in the assignment.
Blood cells make up our bloodstream which is the key to anything we do. Blood cells are produced in the bone marrow, a jellylike substance inside the bones that is composed of, among other things, fat, blood, and special cells that turn into the various kinds of blood cells.
The CV system which is also known as the circulatory system due to what its purpose is, because it “circulates” blood which is oxygenated or deoxygenated around the body. The de-oxygenated blood enters the right atrium through the superior , inferior, The bodies largest veins, and the coronary sinus which is rarely mentioned due to its complex understanding. The right atrium contracts, forcing deoxygenated blood through the tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle. The right ventricle contracts, which sendins blood through the pulmonary semular valve and into the pulmonary trunk. The pulmonary trunk divides into pulmonary arteries which we have one in each lung, this takes the deoxygenated blood to the capillaries of the lungs.
At the lungs, carbon dioxide diffuses (diffusion is the process by which molecules of a given substance move from an area of relatively high concentration to an area of lower concentration) out of the blood, and, oxygen diffuses into the blood. The capillaries are where oxygen enters the blood stream. The oxygenated blood feeds into the pulmonary veins, which take it from the lungs to the left atrium. The left atrium contracts forcing blood through the bicuspid valve and into the left ventricle.
The e left ventricle contracts, forcing blood through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta; this is the bodies largest artery. The aorta divides into smaller arteries, which carry oxygenated blood to all body tissues. And the cycle is repeated millions of times in a lifetime. This has explained how a blood cell travels around the body in a complex way.
“Deoxygenated blood never mixes with oxygenated blood. Instead, the two atria and the two ventricles contract simultaneously.”
http://www.answerbag.com/q_view/627443#ixzz1FZOzqpt2
There are many ways in which the CV (cardiovascular system) affects sports performance. “Exercise uses up a lot of energy, which the cells derive from oxidizing glucose. Both glucose and oxygen have to be delivered by the blood. This means that the heart has to work harder to pump more blood through the body. This means it has to beat faster in order to achieve a higher throughput” www.math.arizona.edu This explains how the cardiovascular system responds to an increased need for blood by adjusting the width of the blood vessels, primarily the arterioles and venuoles to adjust to strenuous sporting activity.
The supply of blood vessels to the heart will increase therefore lowering blood pressure and improving the functioning of the heart, this a positive affect that exercise has on the cardiovascular system, it will also help to lower cholesterol which will reduce the chances of heart disease occurring.
Even though exercise has a positive affect on the body, there is also negatives such as strenuous activity without warming up releases adrenaline this will therefore higher the heart rate which could result in a small heart attack if activity isn’t met to the required amount of adrenaline.
“Your heart produces bloodflow or cardiac output through its heart rate and its stroke volume (how much blood pushed forward per heartbeat). If you need to increase your cardiac output, you can do so by increasing your heart rate, increasing your stroke volume or both.” M. Doug McGuff, M.D.
One way to increase cardiac output is to increase the amount of blood returning to the heart heart. Our heart functions like a pump. This means whatever volume is brought into the pump is the volume that is pushed out, meaning, if you increase the amount of blood returning to the heart, you will increase the amount of blood pumped out of the heart.
Bibliography
Advanced Studies in Physical Education and Sport, P Beashel et al.
Advanced PE for Edexcel, F. Galligan et al
BTEC Sport level 3 M. Adams et al
www.math.arizona.edu
http://www.answerbag.com/q_view/627443#ixzz1FZOzqpt2
www.biologyabout.com
www.wisegeek.com
M. Doug McGuff, M.D.
Christian Brooke
“The cardiovascular system, also known as the circulatory system, is a system of the body comprised of the heart, the blood, and the blood vessels. This system is responsible for transporting blood. As the cardiovascular system moves blood throughout the body, cells receive oxygen and nutrients. Carbon dioxide and other wastes are removed from the body as well.”
www.wisegeek.com
That is a diagram of the cardiovascular system, the blue section of this diagram is deoxygenated blood and the red section is the oxygenated blood.
Oxygen makes up about a fifth of the atmosphere. You breathe air through your mouth and nose and it travels to your lungs. Oxygen from the air is absorbed into your bloodstream through your lungs. Your heart then pumps oxygenated blood through a network of blood vessels to the arteries then to tissues including your organs, muscles and nerves, all around your body.
This diagram below shows capillaries which are a big part of the cardiovascular system. Capillaries are explained in the paragraph below
In the heart, the left ventricle contracts, pushing red blood cells into the aorta which is the body's largest artery. From here blood moves through a series of smaller arteries, until it reaches a capillary, “A capillary is an extremely small blood vessel located within the tissues of the body, which transports blood from arteries to veins.” ( www.biologyabout.com )Here oxygen molecules detach from the red blood cells and slip across the capillary wall into body tissue. Now de-oxygenated, blood begins its return to the heart. It passes through increasingly larger veins to eventually reach the right atrium. It enters the right ventricle, which pumps it through the pulmonary arteries into the lungs, to pick up more oxygen. Oxygenated, blood reenters the left atrium, moves into the left ventricle, and the blood's journey begins again. This is a simple explanation too how blood travels around the body I will explain in more complex detail further on in the assignment.
Blood cells make up our bloodstream which is the key to anything we do. Blood cells are produced in the bone marrow, a jellylike substance inside the bones that is composed of, among other things, fat, blood, and special cells that turn into the various kinds of blood cells.
The CV system which is also known as the circulatory system due to what its purpose is, because it “circulates” blood which is oxygenated or deoxygenated around the body. The de-oxygenated blood enters the right atrium through the superior , inferior, The bodies largest veins, and the coronary sinus which is rarely mentioned due to its complex understanding. The right atrium contracts, forcing deoxygenated blood through the tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle. The right ventricle contracts, which sendins blood through the pulmonary semular valve and into the pulmonary trunk. The pulmonary trunk divides into pulmonary arteries which we have one in each lung, this takes the deoxygenated blood to the capillaries of the lungs.
At the lungs, carbon dioxide diffuses (diffusion is the process by which molecules of a given substance move from an area of relatively high concentration to an area of lower concentration) out of the blood, and, oxygen diffuses into the blood. The capillaries are where oxygen enters the blood stream. The oxygenated blood feeds into the pulmonary veins, which take it from the lungs to the left atrium. The left atrium contracts forcing blood through the bicuspid valve and into the left ventricle.
The e left ventricle contracts, forcing blood through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta; this is the bodies largest artery. The aorta divides into smaller arteries, which carry oxygenated blood to all body tissues. And the cycle is repeated millions of times in a lifetime. This has explained how a blood cell travels around the body in a complex way.
“Deoxygenated blood never mixes with oxygenated blood. Instead, the two atria and the two ventricles contract simultaneously.”
http://www.answerbag.com/q_view/627443#ixzz1FZOzqpt2
There are many ways in which the CV (cardiovascular system) affects sports performance. “Exercise uses up a lot of energy, which the cells derive from oxidizing glucose. Both glucose and oxygen have to be delivered by the blood. This means that the heart has to work harder to pump more blood through the body. This means it has to beat faster in order to achieve a higher throughput” www.math.arizona.edu This explains how the cardiovascular system responds to an increased need for blood by adjusting the width of the blood vessels, primarily the arterioles and venuoles to adjust to strenuous sporting activity.
The supply of blood vessels to the heart will increase therefore lowering blood pressure and improving the functioning of the heart, this a positive affect that exercise has on the cardiovascular system, it will also help to lower cholesterol which will reduce the chances of heart disease occurring.
Even though exercise has a positive affect on the body, there is also negatives such as strenuous activity without warming up releases adrenaline this will therefore higher the heart rate which could result in a small heart attack if activity isn’t met to the required amount of adrenaline.
“Your heart produces bloodflow or cardiac output through its heart rate and its stroke volume (how much blood pushed forward per heartbeat). If you need to increase your cardiac output, you can do so by increasing your heart rate, increasing your stroke volume or both.” M. Doug McGuff, M.D.
One way to increase cardiac output is to increase the amount of blood returning to the heart heart. Our heart functions like a pump. This means whatever volume is brought into the pump is the volume that is pushed out, meaning, if you increase the amount of blood returning to the heart, you will increase the amount of blood pumped out of the heart.
Bibliography
Advanced Studies in Physical Education and Sport, P Beashel et al.
Advanced PE for Edexcel, F. Galligan et al
BTEC Sport level 3 M. Adams et al
www.math.arizona.edu
http://www.answerbag.com/q_view/627443#ixzz1FZOzqpt2
www.biologyabout.com
www.wisegeek.com
M. Doug McGuff, M.D.
Unit 1 Task 3 The Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular System
Unit 1 Task 3
The Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular System
The Heart (www.google.co.uk/images/heart)
This is a diagram of the heart
The heart is the organ that supplies blood and oxygen to all parts of the body. It is the pump to make the blood move around the body and makes up the cardiovascular system
The heart is divided by a partition or septum into two halves. The halves are in turn divided into chambers. The upper two chambers of the heart are called atria and the lower two chambers are called ventricles.
The heart is split up into Atriums such as the Right Atrium and the Left atrium. The Right is larger than the Left Atrium but has thinner walls, because carbon dioxide will be able to leave quicker. The Right Atrium has two major veins that move blood to the heart from all parts of the body. .The Superior Vena Cava returns the deoxygenated blood from the upper part of the body and the Inferior Vena Cava returns the deoxygenated blood from the lower part of the body. The Right Atrium receives blood back from the heart muscle itself. After the blood is collected in the Right Atrium it is pumped into the Right Ventricle through the Valve. The left atrium receives blood from four Pulmonary Veins. The blood received from the lungs has been oxygenated. The oxygenated blood that is collected in Left Atrium is then pumped into the Left Ventricle through the Bicuspid Valve.
The other parts of the heart are;
• Atria – “The upper chambers of the heart, they receive blood returning to our heart from either the body or the lungs” BTEC Sport 2008
• Ventricles – This is the pumping chambers of the heart, which have thicker walls than the atria. “The right ventricle pumps blood o the pulmonary circulation for the lungs and the left ventricle pumps blood to the systematic circulation for the body” BTEC Sport 2008
• Biscuspid Valve - The bicuspid valve, also known as the mitral valve, is a structure in the left side of the heart that controls the flow of oxygenated blood.
• Tricuspid Valve - Valves are flap-like structures that allow blood to flow in one direction. The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
• Aortic Valve – This is the valve situated between the right atrium and aorta, preventing backflow from the aorta into the ventricle
• Superior Vena Cava. This is a vein that receives deoxygenated blood from the upper body, “the importance of the Superior Vena Cava is to return blood back to the Right Atrium from the upper part of the body. It is one of the largest veins in the body.” www.brianmac.co.uk/heartandfunctions
• Inferior Vena Cava – This is a vein that receives blood from the lower parts of the body, “the importance of this is for carrying the blood back to the Right Atrium from the lower part of the body.” www.brianmac.co.uk/heartandfunctions
• Pulmonary Arteries: This is what carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium. There the blood is oxygenated and sent to the Left Atrium in the heart.
• Pulmonary Veins- This is what carries deoxygenated blood from the heart back to the lungs
Blood Vessels!
There are four types of of blood vessels;
Types of Blood Vessels
Arteries
Arteries are elastic vessels that transport blood away from the heart.
Veins
Veins are elastic vessels that transport blood to the heart.
Capillaries
Capillaries are extremely small vessels located within the tissues of the body that transport blood from the arteries to the veins.
“Blood vessels carry blood from the heart to all areas of the body. The blood travels from the heart via arteries to smaller arterioles, then to capillaries or sinusoids, to venules, to veins and back to the heart.” www.biology.co.uk/bodysystemfunctions
Artery.
An artery is an elastic textured blood vessel which function is too transport blood away from the heart. There are two main types of arteries:
• Pulmonary arteries
• Systemic arteries.
“Pulmonary arteries carry blood from the heart to the lungs where the blood picks up oxygen. The oxygen rich blood is then returned to the heart via the pulmonary veins.” www.sportscience.com
“Systemic arteries deliver blood to the rest of the body. The aorta is the main systemic artery and the largest artery of the body. It originates from the heart and branches out into smaller arteries which supply blood to the head region (brachiocephalic artery), the heart itself (coronary arteries), and the lower regions of the body.” www.biology.about.com
Arterioles
Arterioles share many of the properties of arteries – they are strong, have a relatively thick wall for their size, and contain a high percentage of smooth muscle.Just like arteries, arterioles carry blood away from the heart and out to the tissues of the body. In addition to this "supply train" function, arterioles are very important in blood pressure regulation. www.highbloodpressure.co.uk/arterioles
These have thin walls, thinner than arteries. They are responsible for controlling blood flow to the capillaries.
Capillaries
“Unlike the arteries and veins, capillaries are very thin and fragile. The capillaries are actually only one epithelial cell thick. They are so thin that blood cells can only pass through them in single file. The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place through the thin capillary wall. The red blood cells inside the capillary release their oxygen which passes through the wall and into the surrounding tissue. The tissue releases its waste products, like carbon dioxide, which passes through the wall and into the red blood cells.” Www.flu.edu.com
Capillaries are also involved in the body's release of heat. During exercise, your body and blood temperature rises. To help release this heat, the blood delivers the heat to the capillaries which then rapidly release it to the tissue. The result is that your skin takes on a flushed, red appearance. If you hold your hand, under hot water, your hand will quickly turn red for the same reason. Your arm, however, is not likely to change colour because it is not actually feeling an increase in temperature.
Veins
“Veins are similar to arteries but, because they transport blood at a lower pressure, they are not as strong as arteries. Like arteries, veins have three layers: an outer layer of tissue, muscle in the middle, and a smooth inner layer of epithelial cells. However, the layers are thinner, containing less tissue.” www.flu.edu.com
Veins facilitate the venous return, the return of deoxygenated blood to the heart. Which have thinner walls than arteries and a relatively large diameter. When the blood flows round the body they are passed by veins, which are smaller less pressured than arteries.
Bibliography
WWW.BRIANMAC.CO.UK
WWW.FLU.ED.COM
WWW.BIOLOGY.ABOUT.COM
WWW.HIGHBLOODPRESSURE.CO.UK
WWW.SPORTSSCIENCE.COM
Btec Sport 2008 Adams Et al
The Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular System
The Heart (www.google.co.uk/images/heart)
This is a diagram of the heart
The heart is the organ that supplies blood and oxygen to all parts of the body. It is the pump to make the blood move around the body and makes up the cardiovascular system
The heart is divided by a partition or septum into two halves. The halves are in turn divided into chambers. The upper two chambers of the heart are called atria and the lower two chambers are called ventricles.
The heart is split up into Atriums such as the Right Atrium and the Left atrium. The Right is larger than the Left Atrium but has thinner walls, because carbon dioxide will be able to leave quicker. The Right Atrium has two major veins that move blood to the heart from all parts of the body. .The Superior Vena Cava returns the deoxygenated blood from the upper part of the body and the Inferior Vena Cava returns the deoxygenated blood from the lower part of the body. The Right Atrium receives blood back from the heart muscle itself. After the blood is collected in the Right Atrium it is pumped into the Right Ventricle through the Valve. The left atrium receives blood from four Pulmonary Veins. The blood received from the lungs has been oxygenated. The oxygenated blood that is collected in Left Atrium is then pumped into the Left Ventricle through the Bicuspid Valve.
The other parts of the heart are;
• Atria – “The upper chambers of the heart, they receive blood returning to our heart from either the body or the lungs” BTEC Sport 2008
• Ventricles – This is the pumping chambers of the heart, which have thicker walls than the atria. “The right ventricle pumps blood o the pulmonary circulation for the lungs and the left ventricle pumps blood to the systematic circulation for the body” BTEC Sport 2008
• Biscuspid Valve - The bicuspid valve, also known as the mitral valve, is a structure in the left side of the heart that controls the flow of oxygenated blood.
• Tricuspid Valve - Valves are flap-like structures that allow blood to flow in one direction. The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
• Aortic Valve – This is the valve situated between the right atrium and aorta, preventing backflow from the aorta into the ventricle
• Superior Vena Cava. This is a vein that receives deoxygenated blood from the upper body, “the importance of the Superior Vena Cava is to return blood back to the Right Atrium from the upper part of the body. It is one of the largest veins in the body.” www.brianmac.co.uk/heartandfunctions
• Inferior Vena Cava – This is a vein that receives blood from the lower parts of the body, “the importance of this is for carrying the blood back to the Right Atrium from the lower part of the body.” www.brianmac.co.uk/heartandfunctions
• Pulmonary Arteries: This is what carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium. There the blood is oxygenated and sent to the Left Atrium in the heart.
• Pulmonary Veins- This is what carries deoxygenated blood from the heart back to the lungs
Blood Vessels!
There are four types of of blood vessels;
Types of Blood Vessels
Arteries
Arteries are elastic vessels that transport blood away from the heart.
Veins
Veins are elastic vessels that transport blood to the heart.
Capillaries
Capillaries are extremely small vessels located within the tissues of the body that transport blood from the arteries to the veins.
“Blood vessels carry blood from the heart to all areas of the body. The blood travels from the heart via arteries to smaller arterioles, then to capillaries or sinusoids, to venules, to veins and back to the heart.” www.biology.co.uk/bodysystemfunctions
Artery.
An artery is an elastic textured blood vessel which function is too transport blood away from the heart. There are two main types of arteries:
• Pulmonary arteries
• Systemic arteries.
“Pulmonary arteries carry blood from the heart to the lungs where the blood picks up oxygen. The oxygen rich blood is then returned to the heart via the pulmonary veins.” www.sportscience.com
“Systemic arteries deliver blood to the rest of the body. The aorta is the main systemic artery and the largest artery of the body. It originates from the heart and branches out into smaller arteries which supply blood to the head region (brachiocephalic artery), the heart itself (coronary arteries), and the lower regions of the body.” www.biology.about.com
Arterioles
Arterioles share many of the properties of arteries – they are strong, have a relatively thick wall for their size, and contain a high percentage of smooth muscle.Just like arteries, arterioles carry blood away from the heart and out to the tissues of the body. In addition to this "supply train" function, arterioles are very important in blood pressure regulation. www.highbloodpressure.co.uk/arterioles
These have thin walls, thinner than arteries. They are responsible for controlling blood flow to the capillaries.
Capillaries
“Unlike the arteries and veins, capillaries are very thin and fragile. The capillaries are actually only one epithelial cell thick. They are so thin that blood cells can only pass through them in single file. The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place through the thin capillary wall. The red blood cells inside the capillary release their oxygen which passes through the wall and into the surrounding tissue. The tissue releases its waste products, like carbon dioxide, which passes through the wall and into the red blood cells.” Www.flu.edu.com
Capillaries are also involved in the body's release of heat. During exercise, your body and blood temperature rises. To help release this heat, the blood delivers the heat to the capillaries which then rapidly release it to the tissue. The result is that your skin takes on a flushed, red appearance. If you hold your hand, under hot water, your hand will quickly turn red for the same reason. Your arm, however, is not likely to change colour because it is not actually feeling an increase in temperature.
Veins
“Veins are similar to arteries but, because they transport blood at a lower pressure, they are not as strong as arteries. Like arteries, veins have three layers: an outer layer of tissue, muscle in the middle, and a smooth inner layer of epithelial cells. However, the layers are thinner, containing less tissue.” www.flu.edu.com
Veins facilitate the venous return, the return of deoxygenated blood to the heart. Which have thinner walls than arteries and a relatively large diameter. When the blood flows round the body they are passed by veins, which are smaller less pressured than arteries.
Bibliography
WWW.BRIANMAC.CO.UK
WWW.FLU.ED.COM
WWW.BIOLOGY.ABOUT.COM
WWW.HIGHBLOODPRESSURE.CO.UK
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Btec Sport 2008 Adams Et al
Wednesday, 19 January 2011
Unit 1 Principles of anatomy and physiology in Sport
BTEC Sport
Principles of Anatomy and Physiology in Sport
In this section of (2.2 Function of the muscular system) I will be discussing the function of the muscular system and the different fibre types. The final part of this assignment requires a more in depth analysis of the muscular system and fibre type.
I will include the structure and function of the muscular system and different fibre types and discuss with reference to the structure and function of each fibre type, why a games player needs a balance of all 3 to ensure optimal performance.
Fibre Types
Every person’s body whether they are athletes or non athletes each contain a mixture of fibre types. The fibre types vary from person to person and with each person the muscle group to muscle group also varies. “Inheritance is taken into consideration also with the Muscular Fibre types as they can be inherited through genes” (The World Of Psychology 2005 Beck et al)
Each type of fibre typed is grouped on the speed to muscular contraction. Whether they are:
Type 1: Slow Twitch.
Type 2: Fast Twitch which has Type 2a & Type 2b
“Many people believe that having more fast and slow twitch muscle fibres may determine what sports athletes excel at and how they respond to training.”
(http://sportsmedicine.about.com/od/anatomyandphysiology/a/MuscleFiberType.htm)
Each myocyte contains many myofibrils, which are strands of proteins that can grab on to each other and pull. This shortens the muscle and causes muscle contraction.
Characteristics of Type 1 Muscle Fibres
Slow Oxidative Fibre
These fibres are the ones that contract slowly with little force, because they are slow without force they are slow to fatigue and are suited to longer duration activities. The slow muscles are more efficient at using oxygen hence the name oxidative, to generate more fuel (known as ATP) for continuous, extended muscle contractions over a long time. They “twitch” more slowly than fast twitch fibres and can go for a long time before they fatigue due to storing and using less oxygen in the muscle. Therefore, slow twitch fibres are better at helping athletes run marathons and cycle.
As an athlete can’t gain any more fibres, they can train them, but training does damage them, but will make them grow back bigger and stronger. In the human skeletal system our bodies are made up of lots of fibres, when stimulated to contract help produce movement.
“They have more glycogen (carbohydrate) granules and lipid (fat) droplets than fast twitch, which allow them to exercise for longer.” (www.brianmac.co.uk)
Slow-twitch fibres have both a higher density of capillaries supplying oxygen to the muscle and high concentrations of but it's not simply a case of burning substrate to produce the energy required for movement there's a more complex way in which the fibres reacts using different bits of machinery (body system) and enzymes. For example Slow Twitch fibres are better suited to Marathon Runner and Tour De France or any long distance event, they also come into have a huge influence in super human type events such as the IRON Man contest as actions and movements are at a high rate but need the slow twitch fibres for endurance.
Characteristics of Type 2 Muscle Fibres
Type 2a – Fast Oxidative Glycolytic Fibres
Fast Oxidative Glycolytic Fibres are a mixture of Slow Twitch and Fast Glycolytic Fibres where it is fast contracting, able to contract and exert large amounts of force, but are also resistant to fatigue. These are the muscle fibres needed for medium endurance activities. Type 2a Fast Twitch fibres contain large amounts of myoglobin and many mitochondria, this makes them able to perform fast contractions with saving and using ATP efficiently just like Slow Twitch fibres, but are able to exert more force.
“They use carbon dioxide and oxygen and this type can produce energy both aerobically and anaerobically by breaking down carbohydrate to pyruvic acid, however it is far more suited to anaerobic respiration, which means it can release energy very quickly.” (Notes Taken In Class)
Fast Twitch Type2a have many blood capillaries, this means that they have high capacity for generating ATP by oxidation which are split ATP at a very rapid rate and, hence, high contraction velocity, they are also resistant to fatigue but not as much as slow oxidative fibers as high levels of force are exerted
They are needed for sports such as middle distance running and swimming, and team sports such as football and rugby as high and low intensity is required.
Type 2b – Fast Glycolytic Fibres
These fibres are another step up from Type 2a as they contract very rapidly and have the capacity to produce large amounts of force, but they do fatigue at a faster rate therefore are suited to anaerobic activities. They rely heavily on anaerobic respiration for releasing energy as they have very few mitochondria.
Type 2b fibres are white, geared to generate ATP by anaerobic metabolic processes, not able to supply skeletal muscle fibres continuously with sufficient ATP. This is why they fatigue easily as they are split ATP at a fast rate and have a fast contraction velocity.
“They adapt to high-intensity anaerobic exercise involving explosive or powerful movements, but are increasingly employed as fatigue sets during low-intensity endurance work.” (BTEC Sport Level 3, Mark Adams et al 2010)
These twitch fibre types are suited to activities short distant sprints such as 100M and 200M and activies such as gymnastics and weight lifting as they require fast jerking motions which require fast contractions.
Bibliography
BTEC Sport level 3 Adams et Al
The world of psychology, biological psychology
www.brianmac.co.uk
www.sportsmedicine.co.uk
Notes taken in class
Principles of Anatomy and Physiology in Sport
In this section of (2.2 Function of the muscular system) I will be discussing the function of the muscular system and the different fibre types. The final part of this assignment requires a more in depth analysis of the muscular system and fibre type.
I will include the structure and function of the muscular system and different fibre types and discuss with reference to the structure and function of each fibre type, why a games player needs a balance of all 3 to ensure optimal performance.
Fibre Types
Every person’s body whether they are athletes or non athletes each contain a mixture of fibre types. The fibre types vary from person to person and with each person the muscle group to muscle group also varies. “Inheritance is taken into consideration also with the Muscular Fibre types as they can be inherited through genes” (The World Of Psychology 2005 Beck et al)
Each type of fibre typed is grouped on the speed to muscular contraction. Whether they are:
Type 1: Slow Twitch.
Type 2: Fast Twitch which has Type 2a & Type 2b
“Many people believe that having more fast and slow twitch muscle fibres may determine what sports athletes excel at and how they respond to training.”
(http://sportsmedicine.about.com/od/anatomyandphysiology/a/MuscleFiberType.htm)
Each myocyte contains many myofibrils, which are strands of proteins that can grab on to each other and pull. This shortens the muscle and causes muscle contraction.
Characteristics of Type 1 Muscle Fibres
Slow Oxidative Fibre
These fibres are the ones that contract slowly with little force, because they are slow without force they are slow to fatigue and are suited to longer duration activities. The slow muscles are more efficient at using oxygen hence the name oxidative, to generate more fuel (known as ATP) for continuous, extended muscle contractions over a long time. They “twitch” more slowly than fast twitch fibres and can go for a long time before they fatigue due to storing and using less oxygen in the muscle. Therefore, slow twitch fibres are better at helping athletes run marathons and cycle.
As an athlete can’t gain any more fibres, they can train them, but training does damage them, but will make them grow back bigger and stronger. In the human skeletal system our bodies are made up of lots of fibres, when stimulated to contract help produce movement.
“They have more glycogen (carbohydrate) granules and lipid (fat) droplets than fast twitch, which allow them to exercise for longer.” (www.brianmac.co.uk)
Slow-twitch fibres have both a higher density of capillaries supplying oxygen to the muscle and high concentrations of but it's not simply a case of burning substrate to produce the energy required for movement there's a more complex way in which the fibres reacts using different bits of machinery (body system) and enzymes. For example Slow Twitch fibres are better suited to Marathon Runner and Tour De France or any long distance event, they also come into have a huge influence in super human type events such as the IRON Man contest as actions and movements are at a high rate but need the slow twitch fibres for endurance.
Characteristics of Type 2 Muscle Fibres
Type 2a – Fast Oxidative Glycolytic Fibres
Fast Oxidative Glycolytic Fibres are a mixture of Slow Twitch and Fast Glycolytic Fibres where it is fast contracting, able to contract and exert large amounts of force, but are also resistant to fatigue. These are the muscle fibres needed for medium endurance activities. Type 2a Fast Twitch fibres contain large amounts of myoglobin and many mitochondria, this makes them able to perform fast contractions with saving and using ATP efficiently just like Slow Twitch fibres, but are able to exert more force.
“They use carbon dioxide and oxygen and this type can produce energy both aerobically and anaerobically by breaking down carbohydrate to pyruvic acid, however it is far more suited to anaerobic respiration, which means it can release energy very quickly.” (Notes Taken In Class)
Fast Twitch Type2a have many blood capillaries, this means that they have high capacity for generating ATP by oxidation which are split ATP at a very rapid rate and, hence, high contraction velocity, they are also resistant to fatigue but not as much as slow oxidative fibers as high levels of force are exerted
They are needed for sports such as middle distance running and swimming, and team sports such as football and rugby as high and low intensity is required.
Type 2b – Fast Glycolytic Fibres
These fibres are another step up from Type 2a as they contract very rapidly and have the capacity to produce large amounts of force, but they do fatigue at a faster rate therefore are suited to anaerobic activities. They rely heavily on anaerobic respiration for releasing energy as they have very few mitochondria.
Type 2b fibres are white, geared to generate ATP by anaerobic metabolic processes, not able to supply skeletal muscle fibres continuously with sufficient ATP. This is why they fatigue easily as they are split ATP at a fast rate and have a fast contraction velocity.
“They adapt to high-intensity anaerobic exercise involving explosive or powerful movements, but are increasingly employed as fatigue sets during low-intensity endurance work.” (BTEC Sport Level 3, Mark Adams et al 2010)
These twitch fibre types are suited to activities short distant sprints such as 100M and 200M and activies such as gymnastics and weight lifting as they require fast jerking motions which require fast contractions.
Bibliography
BTEC Sport level 3 Adams et Al
The world of psychology, biological psychology
www.brianmac.co.uk
www.sportsmedicine.co.uk
Notes taken in class
Thursday, 9 December 2010
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